A new THEORY OF EVERYTHING — Explanatory Version

(Reproduced, Postulate-III, Chapter-2: “The Second Faith” of the book,

“The Second Religion – A new born movement of Universal Non-Materialism”

… that answers Einstein’s dream of “Unified Theory”,
… that says, “G” for not “God” but “Gravity”,
… that frees humanity from the clutches of “Materialism”,
… and yes, that brings out “ The Absolute Truth of Universal Love” )

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https://www.amazon.com/dp/B088SXS99M/

https://www.amazon.in/dp/B088SXS99M/

https://thesecondreligion.wordpress.com/

*****

Author: SELVAGANESAN RAMAIAH

Copyright © Selvaganesan Ramaiah 2020 / ROC (INDIA) No. L-92078 / 2020

ABSTRACT

“Theory of Grand Settlement” is a new Theory of Everything (TOE) that brings out a fundamental change in the physical and cosmological understanding of the Universe.

Gravity, Space-Time and Origin of the Universe are all redefined. The “Hot Big Bang” concept is denied while giving room for the exponential growth of the Universe from a single (infinitesimal) speck of energy that rose out of a vacuum fluctuation, which finally ended up in a sustained and “Steady State” evolution of the cosmological bodies. The origin is stretched back to an infinitely past-point in time and the end to an infinitely future-point in time with respect to a given (finite) rate of time-flow of the Universe.

It resolves the issues around the prevailing theories of Big Bang, Cosmic Inflation/ Accelerated Expansion, Dark Energy, Dark Matter, Matter-Antimatter Asymmetry, Mass Defect and other observed properties of the Universe, like, Isotropy, Flatness and Homogeneity.

It better explains the Quantum weirdness like Uncertainty Principle, Wave-Particle Duality, Entanglement, etc. The new theory once again claims that there is a fundamental space called, “Absolute Empty Space”, that accommodates both “Zero” and “Infinity” and upon which the Universe is fully built. Perhaps, human intellect, which can dwell only in finite and discrete domains can never reach out to this new (hypothetical) entity.

It replaces Einstein’s Space-time with Energy-space-time. It explains the geometrical curvature of space-time around energy bodies as a characteristic of the energy-space-time continuum around them. It reviews the speed of EM Waves and justifies its constancy more practically.

In the present scheme of things, most of the physical (that includes both quantum-physics and astrophysics) phenomena were initially conjectured, hypothesized, mathematised and then experimentally verified. So, the new “Theory of Grand Settlement” gives a new set of conjectures and hypotheses, keeping almost the same mathematics and the experimental observations, Surprisingly, it resolves a lot of hitherto unsolved physical and astrophysical issues, paving the way for a new “Theory of Everything”.

I – INTRODUCTION

The world of science is still puzzled with the following questions…!

How does this universe keep on expanding from a primordial atom forever? Why is there more matter than antimatter in the Universe? Why is gravity not mingling with the other three fundamental forces? What does make the quantum world different from the classical world? Can space-time be an entity independent of energy? Do the cosmological (galactical) bodies recede away outwardly or on the contrary inwardly? Can there be a substance called dark-energy with a characteristic of negative gravity? Are we hasty to cover up our lacking in astrophysical knowledge, by allowing a new phenomenon called cosmic-inflation? Isn’t the relationship between quantum physics (QP) and the general theory of relativity (GTR) inversely opposite, while dealing with energy, space and time? When GTR dwells in the zero time-flow rates, doesn’t it imply for QP to dwell in the infinite time-flow rate?

Maybe there are still some more questions to come up…! And, all these questions long for answers for hundreds of years now…!

Here comes “The Second Religion” …! With answers to almost all these questions…!?

The Second Religion is a newborn movement of humanity that talks about and promotes “Universal Non-materialism”. It has recently come out with a book called, “The Second Religion” with three chapters namely, “The Second Face”, “The Second Faith” and “The Second Freedom”.

The Second Faith being the heart-beat of the said movement and the above book, establishes that the materialism among humanity is the root cause of all evils in the world. To transform the whole humanity, non-materialistic, the Second Faith talks of a new unified Theory of Everything called, the “Theory of Grand Settlement”, that brings out a paradigm shift in our understanding of the Universe, through a fresh cosmological model called, “WS-BS (White Singularity-Black Singularity) Model, with a set of redefined hypotheses. Particularly, “ERS Gravity” (the redefined gravity) as a new physical phenomenon, plays the role of the almighty, “The God” in all the interactions within the Universe from the origin to the end.

This new “Theory of Everything” is reproduced here, as an explanatory version, to enlighten the scientific community with an entirely new approach to the subject.

II – HYPOTHESES OF THE NEW MODEL

(A) ORIGIN AND END OF THE UNIVERSE – REDEFINED

(1) Originally there was nothing; which means there was not even vacuum energy present in the space. We may call this the “Absolute Empty Space”.

(2) This Absolute Empty Space, though a Big Nothing, is infinite in its spatial extents with an infinite rate of time flow everywhere. Yes, this Absolute Empty Space is both zero and infinity, the non-reachable entities for the human intellect. The human intellect can dwell only in a finite and discrete domain, made up of energy, space and time.

(3) Hypothetically speaking, if we introduce an energy component, say a massless photon into this Absolute Empty Space, it will be present everywhere simultaneously, realizing an infinite rate of time flow everywhere. And, thereby the absolute empty space becomes a point. That means, when one views from this Universe, the absolute empty space would look like a point and when he dives into it, the same would become an infinite void (infinitely nothing?).

(4) Now, with respect to our (today’s) local rate of time flow, it was infinitely long back that there were perturbations in this absolute empty space, leading to minuscule fluctuations of energy. If not many, there must have at least been one perturbation to start with. This energy component, which rose from nothing, was the first candidate for the creation of a new entity called “Energy-Space-Time ”, which was altogether a different phenomenon from the pre-existing Absolute Empty Space. This new minuscule Energy gave rise to a minuscule Space making a minuscule dent in the rate of Time flow, which was hitherto infinite in the Absolute Empty Space. The word, “Energy” hence simply means “Energy-Space-Time” hereafter.

(5) This fluctuated (created) energy component didn’t have a pre-existing anti-energy component and so it couldn’t get annihilated immediately after its appearance.

(6) To maintain conservation of energy, immediately after the appearance of the first energy component, anti-energy components appeared in kind, not one, but innumerably many, phase-shifted. These phase-shifted components emanated away from the point of fluctuations towards all directions. These anti-energy (phase-shifted) components, when added up, would exactly be an anti-energy (180 degrees phase-shifted) component to the first one.

(7) Interestingly and most favorably, these innumerable phase-shifted reactive energy components didn’t appear simultaneously due to the Principle of Non-Simultaneity of Events. They all appeared with minuscule time differences with independent reference frames.

(8) Such individual energy components were responsible for the creation of a host of further phase-shifted energy components.

(9) This energy-creation cycle went on exponentially forever and it continues even today.

(10) This resulted in the formation of different pools of (almost) same dimensional energy components, emanating from the point (Absolute Empty Space) of fluctuations innumerably in all directions. This point of energy creation is called the “White Singularity”. Which means the Absolute Empty Space when realized as a point becomes the White Singularity, which is present everywhere in the Universe.

(11) These pools formed different, say, conical lobes of energy, the vertices of which were con-centered at the White Singularity and were growing outward, say, spherically in all directions. Here the shapes of Cones and Spheres are used for the convenience of understanding.

(12) The individual (imaginary) energy gateways through which energy flows from the White Singularity towards each of these energy lobes are called the White Holes.

(13) The basic energy fluid of each lobe, interwoven with time was realized as the basic vacuum energy-space-time with varying rate of time-flow, from the very high rate in the near-zero energy-density region to zero rates of time-flow in the highest energy-density region, within the lobe.

(14) Due to the ERS Gravity, which will be defined later here, the different density regions in the lobes collapsed into forming a gradient of energy, starting from the basic Energy Fluid or the basic Vacuum Energy (or today’s Dark Energy) to Dark Matter to Sub-Atomic Particles to Atoms to Molecules to different Astronomical Bodies.

(15) The ever-growing energy lobes, filled with the basic energy components, later became the phase-shifted energy bodies like galaxies and other cosmological entities, the collection of which is today’s Energy-Space-Time or the Universe. The inflow of energy and thereby the growth of space, being exponential, justifies the recent observation of accelerated expansion of the Universe. The receding of galactical centers, due to this expansion, is not away into outer space. It is inward (deep down) into the well of the galactic centers. Interestingly, how-so-ever big it grows, it can be established that every basic energy component of today’s Universe, is equivalent to an anti-energy component to all other energy components of the whole Universe, put together.

(16) From any point in the energy-space-time of the Universe, if we drill down towards nothing we would reach the Absolute Empty Space (White Singularity) which is both a point (The Zero) and all-pervasive (The Infinity), with respect to our energy-space-time (The Universe). 

(17) Also if we proceed towards the highest energy concentrations, we would reach the endpoints namely the Black Holes, which are further oriented towards the imaginary point of energy annihilation, called the Black Singularity. This Black Singularity is inverse to the White Singularity in its characteristics. If White Singularity is analogous to zero, Black Singularity is analogous to infinity and vice-versa. Ironically the White Singularity is omnipresent everywhere in the Universe and the Black Singularity is nowhere in the Universe or everywhere else of the universe.

(18) The Universe which originated from an infinitely past point in time, with an infinitesimally small speck of energy, also started to lose its energy from the start itself. Due to minimal phase difference among the energy constituents of the fundamental energy-space-time (Vacuum Energy/Dark Energy and Dark Matter) continuum, there might be no loss of energy while clumping to create the space . Whereas, while clumping in the subatomic level (nuclear fusion) there will be a considerable loss of energy (mass defect/mass deficit). This is the reason that CMB radiation is observed everywhere in the energy-space-time continuum. This is the reason that there is mass reduction in the stellar systems through nuclear fusion and huge mass defects in the mergers of black holes. Such mass/energy annihilations will be very huge in the galactic mergers.

(19)  Due to ERS gravity, the grown up galaxies form as local groups while heading towards the hypothetical end point, namely the Black Singularity. Annihilation of mass/energy during their mergings and formation of new local groups will be a never ending phenomenon. Similarly creation of new galaxies with the inflow of energy from the White Singularity will also be a never ending phenomenon. So, the origin of the Universe might have been an event, infinitely long back in time and the end of the Universe will never be a possibility.

(B) GRAVITY – REDEFINED

(1) The phase-shifted energy components that emanated from White Singularity could not accept the Absolute Empty Space as a place for its residence. The energy components had to clump together to avoid availing the space. This phenomenon of non-acceptance or rejection of space by energy is called the Redefined Gravity or the “ERS (Energy Rejecting Space) Gravity”.

(2) As the energy components continued to pour from the point of White Singularity towards each phase-shifted lobe, a lump of energy fluid comprising these energy components started to form, by rejecting the space ( to start with, by rejecting the Absolute Empty Space) between them.

(3) This energy lump coupled with newborn time component was altogether a new dynamic entity, called, the energy-space-time. It started growing towards a newly found dimension corresponding to each energy lobe.

(4) These lobes are filled with energy fluid of uneven energy-density. Higher density regions are like the bottom of the water wells, where the energy density would be relatively more.

(5) Here, the lower density regions are again rejected by the higher density regions due to the same gravitational process. Depending on the energy concentrations of the energy fluid, an energy gradient starting from vacuum energy (today’s Dark Energy) to Dark Matter in the non-baryonic level and from Sub-Atomic Particles to Atoms to Molecules to different astronomical bodies like Meteoroids, Planets, Stars, Black-holes, etc., in the baryonic level formed in each energy lobe that would become one of the phase-shifted galaxies in due course.

(6) The density of energy fluid around energy bodies would vary depending on their masses. The more massive an object is, the denser would be the energy fluid around it. This variation in the density of energy-space-time around energy bodies would give rise to a field analogous to Einstein’s gravitational field that warps or curves the space-time around such energy bodies.

(7) Thus, the redefined gravity being a consequential effect of energy rejecting space or space rejecting energy is hence responsible for both the creation of and all the dynamism within, the energy-space-time of the Universe.

(8) Gravity being responsible for clumping of energy components, is realized as different processes, like, fusions, bondings, collisions and mergings depending on the masses of the energy bodies.

(9) The redefined gravity is responsible for all the three fundamental interactions, in the micro-level, namely, the Electro-Magnetic Force, the Weak Nuclear Force and the Strong Nuclear Force. This naturally includes the neuro and conscious level activities mediated by the electromagnetic interactions in the biological organisms too. Also in the macro level, the redefined gravity is responsible for today’s fourth fundamental interaction namely, the Gravitational Force.

(10) Gravity is the underlying cause of entropy of every energy-space-time systems in the Universe. It causes Arrow of Time and thereby Arrow of Entropy unidirectional. Gravity is responsible not only for the increase of entropy but depending on the configuration of the systems, for decrease too.

(11) The redefined gravity, being responsible for mergers of astronomical bodies, like, black-holes, neutron stars, etc., causes the generation of gravitational waves, by waving the basic vacuum energy fluid of the energy-space-time, that surround them, and makes the waves travel outward towards lesser energy-density regions and further down up to the absolute empty space.

(12) Gravity is the cause of the missing masses, like, mass-deficits and mass-defects, observed during the process of fusions and mergers of energy bodies in both the micro and macro levels. This is due to the partial annihilation of mass (energy) depending on their phase differences. Particularly, it causes huge mass (energy) annihilation during black-holes mergers within galaxies and galactical mergers both within and among galactical groups, because of their relatively higher phase differences. This would eventually, in an infinitely future point in time, lead to a hypothetical endpoint of the Universe, called, the Black Singularity, where all the galaxies may get annihilated. But the fate of the Universe would never find an end at the Black Singularity because births of new galaxies would never stop as the inflow of energy from the White Singularity would never ever stop.

(C) SPEED OF EM WAVES – REDEFINED

(1) A massless energy entity like a photon of an EM wave travels or spreads instantaneously to the entire extent of the Absolute Empty Space, which is infinite in size. In other words, the speed of EM wave in the Absolute Empty Space is destined to be always infinite, and it is the energy-space-time of the universe, that attenuates its speed depending upon the densities of the energy continuum. Here the irony is because the speed of light is infinite, the Absolute Empty Space looks to be a zero-size point, from the perspective of the energy-space-time continuum of the universe.

(2) The rate of time-flow in the absolute empty space (White Singularity) is infinite. Hence, there, the speed ratio of EM waves being a limiting function, with both numerator and denominator tending to infinity, is a constant “c”.

(3) Similarly, the Black Singularity is the ultimate endpoint of the energy-space-time of the Universe, where the rate of time-flow is zero. So, the speed ratio of EM waves at Black Singularity, being a limiting function with both numerator and denominator tending to zero, is again the constant “c”.

(4) In the Universe that lies between the White Singularity and the Black Singularity, the energy density, while being a finite value, varies from Near Zero to Near Infinity and so do its Spacial Extents and the Rate of Time-flow, proportionately. This constant of proportionality, that is “c”, is the speed ratio of EM waves, everywhere in the energy-space-time of the Universe.

(5) Now, with respect to a finite value of the rate of time-flow of any point in the energy-space-time of the Universe, the speed of EM waves becomes either super-luminal or sub-luminal depending respectively on the regions of lesser energy-density or higher energy density.

(6) The sub-atomic regions, being the intermediary between the absolute empty space and the atoms, are the least energy density regions, wherein the speed of EM waves would be the highest (near infinite).

(7) Similarly, the regions that are intermediary between black-holes and black singularity are the highest energy-density regions, wherein the speed of EM waves would be the lowest (near zero).

(8) The sub-atomic regions, which are otherwise called the Quantum World, have got peculiar characteristics from the perspective of the classical world, only because of the super-luminal (near infinite) speed of EM waves (light), there.

(9) Similarly, the regions from black-holes to black singularity have also got peculiar characteristics from the perspective of the classical world, because of the very low (near zero) speed of EM waves, there.

(10) The Universe, that is, the energy-space-time continuum is nothing but a clump of energy fluid with varying energy densities, that accommodate different nodes of energy concentrations. In the regions surrounding the energy (nodes) concentrations, like, planets, stars, black holes, etc., the energy (fluid) density would be higher and in the regions, far off from such energy nodes, it would be lesser.

(11) In the all-pervasive energy fluid of the Universe, moving energy bodies create disturbances. Towards the direction of the movement, the energy fluid becomes more dense and towards the opposite, it would be less dense. Accordingly, the rate of time-flow also changes because of change of densities in the regions before and after the moving bodies. That is, the time-flow rate would be less towards the direction of movement and higher in the opposite direction.

(12) The EM wave decreases its speed in the regions before the moving body and increases in the regions behind it, to the exact extent of the speed of the moving body. The EM waves (or light waves) hence obey the velocity addition formula in the energy-space-time continuum of the Universe by this self-adjusting characteristic, with respect to any observer.

III – COMPATIBILITY OF THE NEW MODEL WITH THE EXISTING MODEL

(1) According to the new model, our Universe (or the energy-space-time continuum) is subdivided and classified into three basic domains, viz: Micro Universe, Classical Universe and Macro Universe.

(2) Interactions of energy, space and time between White Singularity (Absolute Empty Space) and White Holes come under Micro Universe. The Micro Universe is made up of phase-shifted lobes of basic energy-fluid components, in the non-baryonic form, that created the basic energy-space-time. Here, the rate of time-flow is very high (near infinite).

(3) Interactions of energy, space and time between White Holes and Black Holes come under Classical Universe. The White Holes are imaginary gateways which accept energy in non-baryonic form from Micro Universe and spew out in the baryonic form as sub-atomic particles towards the respective galaxies. Here, the rate of time-flow is finite.

(4) Interactions of energy, space and time between Black Holes and Black Singularity come under Macro Universe. Here the rate of time-flow is near zero. This is the region where maximum energy annihilation takes place in the inter-galactic level, due to their huge phase differences, perhaps taking huge time with respect to the finite rate of time-flow of the classical Universe. Every galactic (local) group while catering to mergers of its member-galaxies, would attract new galaxies from the nearby regions of the universe to become its new members.

(5) The new model with the new (redefined) theories accepts Classical Physics in its entirety. It accepts all its mathematical equations, experimental models and their observational results. It agrees with the interpretations they make and inferences they draw, with (almost) nil deviation. Example: Newtonian Mechanics, Maxwell’s Theory, Thermodynamics, etc.

(6) The new model accepts the foundations of Quantum World, like Principles of Quantization, Wave-Particle Duality and Uncertainty Principle. It accepts quantum field theories, like, Quantum Electrodynamics (QED), Quantum Chromodynamics (QCD), Electroweak Theory (EWT) and the Standard Model of Particle Physics built on them. It accepts all their maths and experimental models. But it rejects the interpretations, being given to their observational results. The new model comes out with a new inference, of the outcome of these results, altogether.

(7) The new model accepts Einstein’s Theories of Relativity that deal with the world of big. It accepts all the related mathematics and thought experiments and other experimental models. But at the same time, it rejects the interpretations it makes, out of their observational results. The new model brings out a paradigm shift in the inferences of the outcome of these results.

(8) The new model, while going along and agreeing with the Standard Model of physics, tries to resolve all the existing challenges. The redefined theories of the new model sufficiently provide for it. Yes, the new model does not even need complicated theories like String Theory, Multiverse Theory, Wormhole Theory, etc. to address the unknown areas of science.

(9) The new model accepts the Theory of Evolution of Darwin on the principles of Natural Selection of Living Organisms, as a consequential effect of the redefined gravity in the micro-level. The redefined gravity of the new model is solely responsible for the Cosmic Natural Selection of all Cosmological Bodies of the Universe, in the macro-level too.

(10) The new model, brings both Classical Physics and Modern Physics together and makes them acceptable to each other. The Theory of Small (Quantum Theory) and the Theory of Big (Relativity Theory), being compatible to each other in the new model, make the Standard Model of Science finally complete, and thus accomplish the unified “Theory of Everything”.

IV – IMPLICATIONS OF THE NEW MODEL

(1) Fundamental space – It exists:

Beyond human comprehension, there is a fundamental space called, Absolute Empty Space. There is nothing, not even vacuum energy. The rate of time-flow is infinite there. From the perspective of the energy-space-time continuum (or the Universe), it is a dimensionless point (zero) and at the same time all-pervasive (infinite). It is possible because of the limitations of the human intellect, which can comprehend only finite and discrete structure of the energy-space-time of the Universe.

(2) The Big Bang model – It becomes irrelevant:

Origin of the Universe traces back to White Singularity, an event infinitely long back in time, where the rate of time-flow would be infinite, with respect to an observer of the universe, for whom the rate of time-flow would always be finite. The flow of energy from the point of White Singularity (Absolute Empty Space) was exponentially growing spherically in all directions. Each energy component that emanated from the White Singularity had an innumerable number of phase-shifted anti-energy components, emanated from the same White Singularity as compensation.

Since these phase-shifted anti-energy components were non-simultaneous and hence had different frames of references, they individually catered to the creation of a host of phase-shifted anti-energy components, resulting in the creation of energy components at an exponential rate. Thus, ever-growing phase-shifted galaxies and other equivalent cosmological bodies, receding from the (omnipresent) White Singularity have become a reality. Naturally, as per this (new) model, the farther away galaxies would seem to be moving faster from the earth (for that matter, from every point of the Universe), than the nearer ones, as the light has to travel through many galaxies which are also parallelly growing.

Hence, extrapolating this cosmic expansion backward in time and arriving at a finite period of about 13.8 billion years to a hypothetical event called the Hot Big Bang is not acceptable to the new model. The new model makes a backward extrapolation as a reverse action to the above-explained exponential space creation, that would take us to an infinitely past point in time, since e^x=0, only when the value of x is negative infinity. Other factors favoring the Hot Big Bang, like, Radiation from CMB relics, Abundance of Quasars in the Young Universe, etc., are also addressed by this new model. In fact, all the experimental observations, supporting the Big Bang model forms a portion (part) of the evolutionary process of the new model.

(3) Matter and antimatter – No asymmetry in the Universe:

As per the new model, each energy component catered to the creation of innumerable phase-shifted (anti) energy components leading to an exponentially growing universe. Thus every energy component of this Universe is an anti-energy component of all other energy components (of the Universe), put together. Which means, for every energy body of this Universe, all other energy bodies ( of the rest of the Universe) put together would be the anti-energy body. And, this solves the matter-antimatter asymmetry problem of today’s cosmological model.

(4) Theories of Relativity – Perfectly fits in the new model:

Space-time is replaced with Energy-space-time in the new model. Energy creates space and results in an entity called, Energy-space. Energy-space creates time and results in an entity called, Energy-space-time. Where there is no (zero) energy, that becomes Absolute Empty Space (White Singularity). Where there is the maximum energy that becomes Black Holes and beyond, that is Black Singularity. So, the Universe that we live in is filled with energy-space-time, with varying energy densities. More massive energy bodies are surrounded by more dense energy-space-time continuum and less massive energy bodies with less dense energy-space-time continuum. Given this background, the postulates of both Special Theory of Relativity and General Theory of Relativity are thoroughly verifiable in the new model, applying their due mathematical equations too.

(5) Dark Energy and Dark Matter – Perfectly fits in the new model:

In the new model, energy-space-time has the energy hierarchy from zero-mass energy entity (Absolute Empty Space) to near infinite-mass energy entity (Black Holes) in the Universe. Here, particularly in the downward hierarchy, from sub-atomic particles down to zero-mass energy entity (Absolute Empty Space), there is a huge energy spectrum available, where the Dark Matter and Dark Energy can easily fit in.

The Dark Energy is the basic non-baryonic vacuum energy that created the basic energy-space-time which constitutes 68% of the total energy of the Universe. In the ladder of the energy-hierarchy, next level (higher density) energy constituent (27%) is the Dark Matter which is also non-baryonic, but massive. The remaining 5% is the baryonic energy constituent that accounts for all energy bodies like, photons, bosons, neutrinos, subatomic particles, atoms, molecules, planets, stars, black holes, etc. of the Universe.

(6) The gravity of the new model – Einstein would readily agree with:

The new model says gravity is the consequential effect of rejection of space by energy. Continuous pouring of energy from White Singularity into different phase-shifted energy lobes enabled gravity to create clumps of energy fluid and thereby to create an energy-space-time continuum with varying energy densities. Only this energy-space-time behaves like Einstein’s “space-time”. Heavier energy bodies will naturally have high-density energy fluid surrounded, due to the same gravitational effect. Hence, this energy-space-time would appear to be curving around the bodies of heavier masses, just like the space-time of Einstein and follow promptly all his mathematical equations of general relativity.

(7) Propagation of light – Gravity is the cause:

Light (EM waves) in the form of photons or in the form of waves is one of the fundamental energy components of the Universe. It is massless and neutral. Hence it is a common energy component across different phase-shifted galaxies and other cosmological bodies. In the new model, gravity being the consequence of energy rejecting space, is responsible for every dynamism and movements of energy components, both in micro and macro levels. Hence, Gravity is responsible for the propagations of photons or waves of light too. Also light rejects the absolute empty space instantaneously, as there is no energy at all. Light rejects the gradient of energy-space of the Universe in accordance with its energy-density and finally stands still at the infinite energy concentrations like black holes and beyond while maintaining the speed ratio at the constant “c” everywhere locally in the Universe.

(8) Ether theory – It is true:

As per the new model, the basic constituent of the Universe (or the energy-space-time continuum) is energy. Where there is no energy, there is no energy-space-time. And that part becomes the absolute empty space, which is otherwise a dimensionless point, from the perspective of an observer of the Universe. Which means, the whole Universe is necessarily filled with a basic energy fluid and that is what we call as the Ether. This is the fundamental energy component that emanated from White Singularity (Absolute Empty Space). Ether is hence equated with today’s Vacuum Energy or the Dark energy. Ether, thus becomes a necessary ingredient for the Universe to exist, while at the same time it is not an essential ingredient for light (EM waves) to travel through.

(9) Michelson-Morley experiments – Inference is flawed:

As per the new model, depending on the varying energy density of the energy-space-time, before and behind any moving object, say a moving light source, the speed of the light would self-adjust to the extent of the speed of the moving object. So, for any observer, the speed ratio of light would always be the constant “c”, after applying velocity addition formula, in both forward and opposite directions of movement. Which means, towards the direction of movement of the light source, the density of energy fluid increases, the rate of time-flow decreases and the speed of light decreases to the exact extent of the speed of the light source. Also towards the opposite direction, the density decreases, the rate of time-flow increases and the speed of the light increases to the same extent.

So, out of the two inferences made from the Michelson-Morley experiments, the one that establishes “Isotropy of the speed of light” is proven right and the other that establishes “Non-existence of Ether” is proven wrong by this new model.

(10) Gravitational Waves – Perfectly fits in the new model:

As per the new model, the Universe is filled with the basic energy fluid called, Ether. This ether (energy-space-time) medium is analogous to the “space-time” of today’s cosmological model, as defined by Einstein. Any disturbances created by events like, mergers of black holes or neutron stars, that are surrounded by high-density ether (energy-space-time) medium can cause waving effects. This waving effects of fundamental energy medium would propagate outward from the point of disturbances. Since the basic energy-space-time (ether) medium is non-baryonic in nature these waves would seem like waves of Einstein’s space-time. Such spherically spreading waves of energy-space-time would naturally be felt more predominantly within the same galactic regions and less predominantly in the neighboring galactic regions.

(11) The fundamental forces – Gravity swallows them all:

We all know that, in the present standard model of physics, the four fundamental forces namely, Strong Nuclear force, Weak Nuclear force, Electromagnetic force and Gravity can describe the entire visible Universe quite well. We could achieve unification of Electro-Magnetic force with Weak Nuclear force through Electro Weak Theory. Similarly, the unification of Electro-Weak interaction and Strong Nuclear interaction is achieved through the Grand Unification Theory. It is only the gravity that refuses to go along with the other three.

But this is not the case with the new model called, “WS-BS Cosmology” that proposes a new gravitational phenomenon called, “ERS Gravity” (see the link added below).

As per the new model, the new redefined gravity (i.e. the ERS Gravity) is not a force. It is the consequential effect of “energy rejecting space”. This is responsible for every interaction among the energy bodies of the “Visible Universe” both in the macro (Cosmological) and micro (Quantum) levels. That means, the ERS Gravity of the new model is not only responsible for the macro interactions like present-day Gravity, but it is responsible for all the other three fundamental interactions in micro-level too.

We all know that the invisible realm of Dark Matter and Dark Energy makes up roughly 95% of the Universe. The present-day four fundamental forces of the standard model do not have any role in this 95% energy/matter of the Universe. They have relevance only in the remaining 5%. Even within this small share, these four forces are struggling to get unified.

Whereas ERS Gravity can resolve this unification problem by a single underlying phenomenon called, “Energy Rejects Space”. This phenomenon replaces the role of all force-carriers corresponding to Strong Nuclear Force, Weak Nuclear Force, Electromagnetic Force and Gravity namely, Gluons, Bosons, Photons and Gravitons.

Now, in the case of “Invisible Universe” (that contains Dark Matter and Dark Energy), we can bring in, the recent observations of the Physics Community that there is a scope for more fundamental forces of nature other than the present four. For example, they talk about “Non-local Gravity” or “X-Bosons” or “Dark Photons” and call them as (maybe) the force carriers of the “Fifth Fundamental Force”. But they are yet to make this (Fifth Fundamental Force) fit in the standard model.

So, as far as the 95% part of the Universe is concerned, something is fundamentally missing in the standard model. But this is not the case with the WS-BS (White Singularity-Black Singularity) Model, which incorporates ERS Gravity. It has the scope of introducing at least two more fundamental interactions in this 95% share of the Universe. One (the fifth fundamental force) is the interaction of the fundamental energy specks that emanate from the Absolute Empty Space to clump together, resulting in the buildup of the basic energy-space-time (we may call this as today’s Dark Energy) continuum of the Universe. That means this fifth fundamental force is responsible for the very creation of this Universe.

The other (the sixth fundamental force) is the interaction of the energy-space-time fluid to further clump around points of energy concentrations (maybe the first energy speck of a particular phase-dimension among the different streams of phase-shifted energy specks), like the bottom-most point in a well. These points of energy concentrations would later become cosmological bodies like galaxies, having evolved through different energy hierarchical stages, starting from different force-carriers, quarks, electrons, protons, neutrons, atoms, molecules, stars, black holes, etc. A highly densed fluid of energy-space-time (we may call this as today’s Dark Matter) would form around these energy points/bodies with the characteristics of Einstein’s warped space-time continuum, which naturally accepts the Theory of General Relativity.

The ERS Gravity is not only responsible for today’s four fundamental forces, that are applicable in the baryonic (5%)Universe, but it is also responsible for all the interactions in the nonbaryonic (95%)Universe. This implies that the ERS Gravity directly takes care of all physical, chemical and biological interactions in the Universe that includes both the macro interactions of all astronomical bodies in the cosmological level and the micro interactions like, origin of life, ageing, reproductive process and consciousness of all living organisms in the quantum level. More importantly, this new gravity has the scope of addressing every interaction, that we may encounter or come to know of in the future too.

(12) Cosmic Inflation Theory – It is irrelevant:

Today’s Big Bang model claims, there was an inflationary epoch for a period of about 10^-33 to 10^-32 seconds after 10^-36 seconds from the Big Bang event. This metric-space inflation was necessitated to satisfy the conditions, for the formation of cosmological bodies, the isotropic and homogeneous appearance of the Universe, the even-distribution of CMB radiations, the flatness of the Universe and finally the non-existence of the magnetic monopoles. Also, the mechanism for this inflationary expansion was attributed to a scalar field that creates a positive-energy false vacuum as claimed by some scientists and also to a substance called, the Dark Energy by some other, all without enough substantiations.

The new model along with the redefined gravity resolves all the above requirements, satisfying all the experimental observations so far made.

The cool, smooth and exponential flow of energy from White Singularity that leads to the formation of different phase-shifted galaxies later, had every reason to be homogeneous and isotropic because of the omnipresence of White Singularity everywhere in the Universe. Also, the creation of space being exponentially faster from an event, that was infinitely past in time, the new model can very well justify the observational results of COBE, WMAP and Planck Spacecraft conducted to observe the Universe up to about 13.8 billion years back in time from now.

(13) Hubble’s Law – It requires reinterpretation:

Hubble provided evidence through his experiments that the recessional velocity of a galaxy increases with its distance from the earth. This metric expansion of space was described as an intrinsic property of space-time itself.

But, the new model explains that continuous flow of energy fluid from White Singularity, towards each phase-shifted galaxies, is the cause of continuous creation of space (in the form of energy-space-time) at an exponential rate. Because of this, a signal that comes from a distant galaxy had to travel through different galactical spaces, which are also continuously growing. This signal would naturally reach the observer of the earth following the pattern of the observations of Hubble’s Experiments.

Though the old model attributed the cause for the metric expansion of space-time to a new form of non-baryonic substance called, the Dark Energy, it couldn’t provide the source. But the new model not only attributed the cause for the expansion (creation) of space to the exponential inflow of phase-shifted energy fluid but also provided the source, that is the omnipresent White Singularity (Absolute Empty Space), as explained above.

Hence, the expansion of space as proposed by Hubble is well within the ambit of the new model.

(14) Acceleration of Space Expansion – It doesn’t need Dark Energy:

The recent observations of accelerated expansion of the space have led the scientific community to introduce a gravitationally repulsive (negative) form of energy, called Dark Energy that makes up about two-thirds of the total energy of the Universe.

But, as per the new model, the accelerated expansion is mainly attributable to the inflow of energy into different phase-shifted galactic regions enabling an exponential rate of creation of galactic spaces. The receding of galactical centers, due to this expansion, is not away into outer space. It is inward into the well of the galactic centers. Also, it can reasonably be attributed to the increased speed of galactical movements due to gravitational pull among galaxies of local groups and between local groups, orienting towards the Black Singularity.

So, the assumption of spontaneous appearance of Dark Energy to justify acceleration of the expansion of space, as claimed in the old model, which lacked logical substantiation, was not necessary. At the same time, the Dark Energy of the new model is the fundamental vacuum energy that created the very basic energy-space-time structure of the Universe, to start with. The Dark Energy of the new model is the basic “energy-space-time” fluid of the Universe, reasonably justifies its huge share (68%) of the total energy, occupying the energy gap from the Absolute Empty Space to the Dark Matter, in the energy-gradient.

(15) Cosmological Crisis – It is no longer a Problem (or) Tension:

Calculation of Hubble’s Constant (H0) is facing recently a problem of non-negotiable error between the numbers 67.4 and 74. The Hubble’s Constant is 67.4 km/sec/Mpc when calculated through Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB) measurements of the Early Universe. But it is 74 km/sec/Mpc when calculated through Cepheid measurements of the Late Universe..

That means, the CMB-based Early Universe value is smaller than the Cepheid-based Late Universe value. This indicates, the universe expanded at a lesser rate initially and gradually increased to a higher rate. This simply tallies with the concept of Exponential Growth Theory elucidated by the new model.

So, the Cosmological Crisis that requires an altogether new physics (other than the existing standard model of the Universe) is resolved by the new model of cosmology.

(16) CP Violation – No more necessitated:

The phase-shifted energy components created in response to the initial vacuum fluctuations in the Absolute Empty Space are the fundamental non-baryonic building blocks of the basic energy-space-time continuum of the Universe. And each of these phase shifted energy components further catered to exponential creation of phase-shifted energy components in response.

Now, individual energy bodies like galaxies comprise energy components with minimum phase differences within themselves. And the phase differences between galactical bodies will be reasonably higher depending on their proximity and inter-galactic gaps. In any case, the new model doesn’t require any CP Symmetry Violation for establishing dominance of Matter over Antimatter in any Galactical Bodies across the Universe.

Whereas, in the present Standard Model of Cosmology, the dominance of matter requires huge CP Violations. But scientists across the world have proved that the three fundamental interactions namely Gravity, Electro-magnetic Force and Strong Nuclear Force yield almost zero CP Symmetry Violations. Only the fourth interaction namely the Weak Nuclear Force offered some (negligible) CP Violations. (This may also be due to the sensitivities of fundamental interactions to the phase differences among the energy components, which are minimum within the galaxies, as explained in the new model). Yes, the Scientific community is almost in the verge of losing hope to establish reasonable CP Violations to justify Matter-Antimatter Asymmetry that the present Standard Model of Cosmology need desperately!

(17) “Dark Flow” and “Great Attractor” Theories – Perhaps they justify the new model:

As we have already discussed here in this new model, there are formations of Local Groups of Galaxies and Galaxy Clusters, beyond the level of individual galaxies. Also, these formations across the Universe are dynamic due to Gravity, leading to mergers among Galaxies and further among Galactical Local Groups., all receding (orienting) towards a hypothetical end point of the Universe called, Black Singularity.

This indirectly justifies the present day claim of “Dark Flow”, a new gravitational phenomenon causing a peculiar velocity among Galaxy Clusters. Yes, today, scientists are almost on the verge of finding evidences for claiming such a flow of clusters towards a small patch of the sky. Interestingly scientists are yet to establish that this dark flow is whether going away from or coming towards us, which incidentally tallies again with the inward receding of galaxies and galaxy clusters as claimed in the new model.

Similarly, there are also claims by the scientists for having found out a new gravitational anomaly called the “Great Attractor” in the inter-galactic far-off space, that suggests a localized concentration of mass, millions of times more massive than the average massed galaxies. The scientists also claim that the galaxy clusters are receding with an extra velocity, from the usual Hubble Velocity, towards this anomaly (Great Attractor). Doesn’t it suggest that the Black Singularity of the new model is in line with the Great Attractor of the old model? 

(18) Olbers’ Paradox – It is resolved:

If the universe is endless and uniformly populated with luminous stars, the night sky has to be luminously more bright because an observer would see the star-lights uniformly from every points/parts of the sky

That means, for an observer on earth, every line of sight towards the sky will end upon the surface of a star, illuminating the entire sky in the night. But one observes that the sky is dark at night invariably.

The resolution of this paradox, named after the scientist, Heinrich Olbers required an expanding universe (as claimed by the Big Bang model), so that the light from the fast receding star cannot reach the observer. Thus, this paradox was settled in a Big Bang scenario.

But, the Big Bang model cannot be the ultimate answer because of its own constraints against the observed flat, homogeneous and isotropic nature of the Universe. Also, the average density of the Universe is constant, which is against the law of conservation of matter.

Whereas in the case of new model, these constraints are clearly addressed. The Universe is continuously growing due to the exponential creation of energy / matter as (chain) reactions to the vacuum fluctuations in the Absolute Empty Space, that started infinitely long back in time. Thus, the Olbers’ Paradox is better resolved in the new model while rejecting the Big Bang model.

(19) Axis of Evil – May be true, even from the other celestial systems in the Universe:

The very idea behind the evolution of the Universe in the new model is this. Energy was inadvertently created through fluctuation in the White Singularity (Absolute Empty Space) and ended up in exponential reactionary creations of phase-shifted energy. The ERS Gravity played its role and a transient energy-space-time continuum was accomplished in the process from the energy creation to energy annihilation.

Now, creation of energy-space-time continuum by clumping of energy with the help of ERS Gravity towards different (phase-shifted) energy bodies (galaxies) must have had energy concentrations, initially at its deep ends. That means, each galactical body, to start with, must have had a vast volume of basic energy-space-time continuum ending with nodes of energy concentrations in the opposite ends, away from the White Singularity (absolute empty space).

Higher density ends will have higher temperature and opposite will be the case in the remaining areas. And these galactical bodies, while growing would head towards their common point of annihilation, taking their local companions along, by forming local groups of galaxies.

So, because of this dynamically evolving process, while viewing the CMB of the early Universe, that is, 13 billion years back from now, there might have been a possibility of seeing the just-formed nodes (high temperature points) surrounded by energy-space-time continuum on one side and the clumps of basic energy-space-time continuum before forming a node on the other side. Perfect isotropy is hence ruled out, not only in early times, but even today.

This may seemingly give rise to the anomaly called, “axis of evil”, while observing CMB both above and below ecliptic plane (plane of Solar System). This may be true with respect to other planetary and celestial systems across the Universe too.

At the same time, the Copernican Principle (non-privileged positions of the sun and the earth) will never be violated because of inter-galactic interaction of light through absolute empty space where the light speed and time-flow rate will be infinite. For the same reasons Homogeneity and Isotropy will be maintained throughput the Universe, with the exception of movements of galaxies and galaxy clusters towards the Black Singularity.

(20) Steady State Theory – Fred Hoyle was unduly humiliated:

The Steady State model of cosmology came in to being by 1940s. It was Fred Hoyle along with Hermann Bondi and Tommy Gold who brought out a new concept of the Universe that was unchanging yet dynamic. Yes, he beautifully compared the Universe to a smoothly flowing river which looks to be static externally but dynamic internally.

Hoyle’s intuition in the overall sense was right except that it couldn’t explain how the energy creation and energy annihilation were effected as clearly did by the new (WS-BS) model of cosmology.

The Hot Big Bang model was also partially right as far as the inflationary (steep) and sustained (flat) expansion portions of the Space Expansion Curve of the standard model is concerned. It tallies with rapid growth (center) arm and sustained growth (final) arm portions of the S-type exponential growth function of the new model.

The sustained expansion of Big Bang model starts after Inflationary Epoch, that is, from the event of CMB radiation at 2.7 K temperature. This background temperature can also be better explained by the new model, as the creation of energy was smooth at the absolute zero temperature in the absolute empty space.

Also, about the “End of the Universe”, Hoyle’s Steady State Theory claims that the aged galaxies go away from the observable universe and new galaxies would compensate the same. And the Hot Big Bang model comes out with different scenarios like, Big Crunch. Big Freeze, Big Rip, etc. But both of these claims are rejected by the new model.

The new model claims that the Origin and the End of the Universe can be events of Infinite Past and Infinite Future, as respectively called, the White Singularity and the Black Singularity. At the same time, there would be continuous creation of energy at White Singularity (absolute empty space) and continuous (final) annihilation of energy at Black Singularity, ongoing eternally.

The claim of WS-BS model that energy bodies would gradually annihilate due to their phase differences as they head towards Black Singularity, tallies with a lot of observations that were already made and are being made by scientists.

The recent observations reveal that there are many galaxies that are almost grown up to a maturity-level of today’s Milky Way, even around 13 billion years ago. That means by now, these galaxies would have further grown up and matured by 13 billion more years than our milky way. Perhaps by now they would even have got annihilated while heading towards the Black Singularity.

But cosmologists with the premises of Hot Big Bang model try to attribute such galaxies to a category of Fast Aging Galaxies which attain the characteristics of 13 billion years old in 1.5 billion years. Yes, they vehemently push them into the domain of Young Universe instead of the Aged Universe.

Also prevalence of light elements in the Early Universe, abundance of Quasars and Radio Galaxies in the Young Universe that support the Big Bang model, as claimed, are all better justified by the new model.

The Big Bang proponents extrapolate the red shift observations of Hubble’s Experiments backwards to a Hot Big Bang. They deduce that after a rapid expansion the early Universe cools down to 3 K temperature (near Absolute Zero) and emit CMB relics. They also deduce that, normal matter starts forming after 380000 years from Big Bang. These inferences are clearly met by the new model too.

As per the new model our contemporary (in the age group of milky way) galaxies would have been Quasars and Radio Galaxies in Young Universe about 8 to 10 billion years ago. We would have been in the stage of plasma of particles like proton, neutron, photon, etc., in the Early Universe about 13.5 billion years ago. We would have been fundamental phase-shifted energy components creating the very basic energy-space-time continuum about 14 billion years ago. Similarly, we may be part of a more matured (aged) galactical body after few billion years from now. And we may get fully annihilated after many billion years, in the future.

Thus, the life-period of a typical energy-speck (or energy-body) from birth to annihilation, being finite, may be in the order of tens of billions of years. For example, we, the residents of Milky Way galaxy might have already lived an average period of about 10 to 15 billion years since our birth at White Singularity and we may get annihilated while heading to or at, the Black Singularity, in about 10 to 20 billion years from now. Whereas, cycles of such energy-flow would have originated infinitely long back in time, and it may continue forever in the future too. Thus, the origin of the Universe at the White Singularity and the end at the Black Singularity must be the events of infinite-past and infinite-future respectively, justifying the modified steady state theory called “WS-BS Model of Cosmology”

(21) CMB – It cannot be the remnant of Electromagnetic Radiation of the hot Big Bang anymore:

In the concordance model of cosmology, the theory says that the Universe started from a hot Big Bang, a primeval atom of very high density (10^90 kg/cm^3) with a very high temperature (10^32 K). As it expanded, both density and temperature rapidly came down. It was when the temperature came down to 3000K (after 380000 years from the Big Bang), the decoupling of photons took place from the wall of Last Scattering and the Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB) radiation had started.

Further red-shift of the CMBR, due to cosmic expansion, for a period of 13.7 billion years enabled further cooling of temperature to as low as 2.7K, which is being now observed of the CMB radiation everywhere in the Universe. One should not forget that the scientific community could make sufficient experimentations and observations, backward from now, only up to the events of the surface of the Last Scattering. Before that, up to the event of hot Big Bang all the inferences were only theories based on hypothetical speculations.

Here comes the new model negating the speculated portion of the Big Bang model. The WS-BS cosmological model states that the start of the Universe was an event indefinitely long back in time, possibly by a vacuum fluctuation of very small speck of energy. It catered to creations of a host of phase-shifted anti-energy specks which in turn individually catered to further creations of phase-shifted anti-energy components. Reasonably these chains of energy creation were at exponential rates and are continuing even today.

Here, the point of energy creation is the Absolute Empty Space which is the fundamental empty space covering entire energy-space-time continuum of the Universe. If we drill down from any point in the energy-space-time continuum of the Universe, towards nothing (zero point), we would end up only in this Absolute Empty Space. That means, energy that emanates from this absolute empty space will flow into our universe uniformly from everywhere.

This energy specks clumps together due to the ERS (Energy Rejecting Space) Gravity of the new model, to form a gradient of energy from Vacuum energy (Dark Energy) to Dark Matter to Sub-Atomic Particles to Atoms to Molecules to Stars, and so on. Interactions of these fundamental energy specks, while clumping, will enable release of photons of electromagnetic radiation, forming microwave spectrums. The temperature at the absolute empty space would be absolute-zero and that of energy clumps and hence of the microwave radiations would be values above zero. Reasonably the average temperature of this microwave radiation would perhaps be around 3K, as being observed by scientists today.

Interestingly the new model accepts all the cosmological tests and observations being made by the scientists, as it is, and justifies them better than the Big Bang model. For example, as per the new model, there is no scope for further decrease in the temperature of the microwave radiation from today’s 2.7K. Also there is no scope for increase in the wavelengths too. The microwave radiations need not be the oldest and farthest in both time and space. It rather radiates from the Absolute Empty Space right away now, fills the whole Universe and hence falls on earth from every direction uniformly.

Similarly, in the Big Bang model, the temperature time-line of CMBR doesn’t match the time-line of stellar formations, whereas it is not a problem in the new model, at all.

Yes, this is not the background radiation from the remnants of the Big Bang anymore. It is the direct radiation from the underlying Absolute Empty Space of the whole Universe, being produced currently now. May we hence remove the word “Background” from “CMBR” and call it simply the “CMR (Cosmic Microwave Radiation)” from now on?! 

(22) The Universe has No Center and No Edge – Hence Isotropic and Homogeneous:

In the new model, the fundamental entity is the Absolute Empty Space (White Singularity) which is infinite in its spatial extent. The basic energy (phase-shifted) components that emanated into the Universe, though seemingly clumped together are technically discrete and isolated allowing this fundamental space in-between them.

That means, if we drill down from any point in the energy-space-time continuum of the Universe towards nothing, we will ultimately reach down to this absolute empty space. We know as per the new model that the rate of time-flow in this absolute empty space is infinite and hence the speed of light is also infinite with respect to any observer of the Universe (where the speed of light is finite). So, the light would cross over the entire expanse of this absolute empty space instantaneously.

That means all those points (or places) where Absolute Empty Space is visible can simply be put together and be treated as a single point. Now take the case of cosmological (macro) bodies like galaxies in the Universe. Say, they are virtually pulled off from each other leaving some absolute empty space in-between them. We can see that the entire inter-galactic spaces of the Universe along with the rest of the whole Absolute Empty Space reduce to a single point.

Now, imagine the construct of the whole Universe with innumerable cosmological bodies (galaxies). From any point in the inter-galactic regions (by extension, from any point in the Universe), one will see that the whole Universe is isotropic and homogeneous (except the details of Individual galaxies).  And no point or place in this universe would be a privileged point or a privileged place. Yes, the universe can neither have a center nor an edge.

(23) Quantum Weirdness – It is justified:

Human intellect is puzzled on seeing the behavior of particles like photon, electron, neutrino, etc., in the sub-atomic world, because they don’t seemingly obey the physical laws of the classical world, which the human being is accustomed with.

Wave-Particle Duality, Uncertainty Principle, Quantizational Property are the principles based on which the quantum realm really works. This only made the sub-atomic world look weird to the human observers of the classical world.

Double-Slit Experiment, Quantum Entanglement Experiment, Schrodinger’s Cat Experiment, Quantum Superposition Experiment are some of the experiments that establish that Quantum Physics is real. Not only that. Quantum Physics really thrills scientists, because it actually works. Quantum Physics is continuously being experimentally verified for better accuracies. Laser Technology and Transistor Technology are some of the quantum technological areas that made modern devices such as Laptops, Smartphones, etc., possible.

Now, in the scheme of the new model, the question is this. Is the Quantum Realm really weird? Human beings are entities of the classical world where the energy-space-time structure restricts their intellects to a finite and discrete domain. Whereas in the quantum world, the structure of energy-space-time approaches the extremities. Energy becomes (near) zero, space becomes (near) infinite and the time-rate becomes (near) infinite. Thereby the speed of light also becomes (near) infinite with respect to the observer’s rate of time-flow. That means the sub-atomic particles (or energy) can never behave predictably concerning their positions and movements. These particles can be found “everywhere” in the Absolute Empty Space and “almost everywhere” in the sub-atomic space which is not absolutely empty. This justifies the puzzling outcome of all the quantum experiments.

So, the quantum entities do not themselves behave weirdly. The actual problem is us, the observers. The limitation of the human intellect that can never cross the domain of finiteness and discreteness, is hence the problem. We shall hence, coolly accept the behavior of the sub-atomic world as it is, and continue to utilize its eccentric behavior, perhaps to the betterment of humanity, as a whole.

(24) Theory of Everything – No more a challenge:

In the old (present) model, quantum theories address the microscopic (sub-atomic) world and general relativity theories address the macroscopic (super-atomic) world. The scientific community is yet to come out with a unified Theory of Everything that can address both micro and macro worlds.

But in the new model, the redefined gravity doesn’t stay in the macro world alone. Rather, it is itself the fundamental cause of all interactions in the micro-world too. For any observer of this Universe, his immediate world is the Classical World or Classical Universe, physically before him. He can address his immediate world with the help of the existing Classical Physics theories. Also, he can address the Micro Universe (quantum world) with the theories of Quantum Physics and the Macro Universe (cosmological world) with the theories of General Relativity.

In the new model, the energy-space-time of the Classical Universe is a varying but finite entity. But the same energy-space-time structure undergoes non-finite (extreme) tendencies in both Micro and Macro Universes. In the Micro Universe, energy (mass) tends to zero, space tends to infinite, time-rate tends to infinite and time consumption tends to zero. In the Macro Universe, everything tends to inversely opposite, not negatively opposite. That means, energy tends to infinite, space tends to zero, time-rate tends to zero and time consumption tends to infinite. All these observations are with respect to the observer of the Classical Universe.

Given this background, to establish compatibility between the Quantum Theory (Theory of Small) and General Relativity (Theory of Big), the mathematical treatment should be “inverse” to each other. And this would pave the way for the Theory of Everything through the scheme of the new model.

(25) Is the present “Standard Model of Cosmology”, comparable to the “Blind Men and an Elephant” theory:

As per the new model, initially there was nothing; not even vacuum energy present in the space. It was absolutely empty with infinite rate of time flow. It was a non-realizable entity to human intellect. It was in this space and at infinitely long back in time (with respect to our today’s finite rate of time-flow) that a very tiny speck of non-baryonic energy came in to existence out of quantum fluctuations. This was the root cause of everything.

It catered to creations of a series of anti-energy (phase-shifted) specks, which in turn individually catered to creations of further series of anti-energy (phase-shifted) specks, resulting in exponential growth of phase-shifted energy specks. And time-flow started to slow down to a very high finite-rate from the infinite-rate.

Now came the concept of new gravity. The inadvertent entry of these energy specks into the absolute empty space did not make them enjoy the alien space and stay. They rather clumped together to avoid and escape from the space. This phenomenon of “energy rejecting space” is called the “Gravity” of the new model. It is also reasonably called as “ERS (Energy Rejecting Space) Gravity”.

So, this ERS Gravity, while enabling energy to reject space, ended up in creating the energy-space that we live in. This energy space combined with the corresponding time-flow is called “Energy-Space-Time” of the Universe.

This ERS Gravity is only responsible for constructing the Universe using specks of energy, like a mason does while constructing a building using bricks. The initial space, thus constructed was a non-baryonic energy space with a just slowed down rate of time-flow from the infinite rate of time-flow of the Absolute Empty Space.

As energy started pouring into different phase-shifted regions exponentially, the same ERS Gravity, in addition to constructing the fundamental energy space, was responsible for further clumping of energy so that a gradient of energy is created, from non-baryonic form to baryonic form, that is, from the fundamental speck of energy to the ordinary matter to the cosmological bodies. This gradient of energy is akin to Vacuum Energy – Dark Energy – Dark Matter in the non-baryonic form and Sub-atomic particles – Atoms – Molecules – Planets – Stars – Black Holes of the present standard model.

Also, in the exponential growth trajectory of the new model, a relatively small time interval would look like an interval of linear growth. Extrapolating this linear growth backward in time would lead to a definite start of the Universe. And this was the case in the standard model and it was called the Hot Big Bang.

The fast growing arm of the exponential-growth curve was also mistaken in the standard model and assumed as a combination of phenomenons namely, “Cosmic Inflation”, “Cosmic Expansion” and “Cosmic Acceleration”.

The time-zero point (White Singularity) of the exponential-growth curve would be at negative infinity. And the inflow of energy in the new model will be never ending. Whereas the standard model had a beginning at a point 13.8 billion years back in time.

On the higher side, the dynamism of every receding Local Groups and Clusters of Galaxies with non-receding constituents is better explainable in the new model, while it is almost a puzzle in the standard model of cosmology. As per the new model, all the Local Groups of Galaxies recede away, inwardly towards a hypothetical End-Point of Annihilation, called the Black Singularity. Which means the energy annihilation at Black Singularity will be a never ending phenomenon. Which further means, the end of the Universe can only be an event of infinite future. But the present standard (Big Bang) model says the opposite that everything recedes away outwardly, paving the way for a Big-Rip one day.

Albert Einstein once quoted, “I have seen the lion’s tail, but not yet the lion. But I have no doubt that the lion belongs with it”. May be, the new model of cosmology is perhaps the Einstein’s Lion?!

V – WHY THIS UNIVERSE : ANY GRAND PURPOSE..!?

(1) The initial fluctuations in the Absolute Empty Space made energy packets spontaneously appear by inadvertent borrowing of space, giving rise to a near-zero volume of energy-space. This energy-space immediately started suffering with a near-zero span of time, giving birth to a near-zero energy-space-time in a particular phase dimension.

(2) To counter this spontaneous energy-space-time component, a host of phase-shifted anti-energy components appeared, borrowing space towards each of their phase-shifted dimensions. To counter these phase-shifted energy components, further hosts of phase-shifted anti-energy components appeared and this chain of reactions went on further, forever.

(3) So, space was borrowed by energy only inadvertently, to start with. Any borrowing is supposed to be paid back. These energy components could not pay back by annihilating with their anti-energy counterparts because of their non-simultaneous appearance towards different phase dimensions with different frames of references.

(4) Thus, energy continued to flow towards each dimension exponentially. The (almost) same dimensional energy components could do only one thing for paying back the space, they occupied. They could only reject the space in between them by clumping together.

(5) This phenomenon of “Energy Rejecting Space” or “Energy Repaying Space” is called the “Redefined Gravity” or the “E R S Gravity”. This process of rejection of space and clumping of energy continued upward and resulted in the rejection of lower energy-density space by higher energy-density components. And this process paved the way for the creation of the fundamental energy-space-time structure and for the formation of different celestial and cosmological bodies in the Universe.

(6) When the phase-shifted energy components unite and clump together in the process of rejection of space by energy, partial annihilation of energy takes place depending on the level of their phase differences. The higher the phase differences between the fusioning or merging energy-bodies, the more would be the energy loss due to their annihilation.

(7) This annihilation phenomenon continues from the level of sub-atomic particles to atoms to molecules to planets to stars and further up to the stages of black holes and supermassive black holes, till reaching the (hypothetical) endpoint (of annihilation), called the Black Singularity.

(8) So, energy spontaneously appeared, borrowed space from absolute empty space (White Singularity), became different phase-shifted galactic units by flowing through their corresponding (hypothetical) White Holes and became today’s Universe with energy-space-time structure. In this process, the continuous inflow of energy made the Universe grow bigger and bigger. At the same time, for paying back the borrowed space, the energy components clumped together and grew around different energy concentrations. While allowing itself to get partially annihilated, these energy concentrations grew more and more and progressed to become cosmological bodies like planets, stars, black holes and super black holes and further beyond to find an end at the Black Singularity.

(9) So, the Universe is a transient phenomenon between its Origin (White Singularity) and its End (Black Singularity), which are respectively the events that had already occurred in an infinitely past point in time and that would occur in an infinitely future point in time, with respect to our finite rate of time-flow. And this model of the Universe is reasonably called “White Singularity – Black Singularity Cosmological Model” or “W S – B S Model” or “White and Black Model”. In this WS-BS Model of the Universe, the ERS Gravity is the sole cause of every interaction within the Universe, that includes the origin and evolution of all life forms in the micro-level and the origin and evolution of all cosmological bodies in the macro level.

(10) So, the spontaneous appearance of energy along with space and time at White Singularity was “settled” (balanced) by borrowing a host of anti-energy-space-time components that resulted in the creation of the Universe itself. And in this process, the reactionary “settlement” resulted in the exponential expansion of the Universe also. Within the Universe, the space borrowed by the energy-space-time components is continuously being “settled” (paid-back), by the process of ERS Gravity. And finally, at Black Singularity, the energy-space-time components might get “settled” (annihilated) as an “inverse action” to the energy-space-time creation at White Singularity. Since the Universe is realized as the culmination of “settlement” of energy-space-time, throughout from the origin to the end, the theory of this new model is also called, the “Theory of Grand Settlement”. Now the question is this. Can there be any Grand Purpose in this…!?

VI – CONCLUSION

The new “Theory of Everything” or the “Theory of Grand Settlement” has clearly brought out a fundamental change in the subject of physics and thereby in the subject of science as a whole. The new cosmological model, namely, “WS-BS Model” and the new redefined gravity, namely, “ERS Gravity” together answers almost every question that was left unanswered so far, by science in general and by physics in particular.

To conclude, this Universe perhaps, may not have any Grand Purpose, but this new Theory of Everything may serve a Grand Purpose of establishing the idea of “Universal Non-Materialism”, by rejecting materialism, which has hitherto been supported by the Believing Systems among the humanity of this small planet earth.

REFERENCES

• Bernard Schutz, Gravity from the ground up, Cambridge University Press, New York, USA (2003).
• Albert Einstein, Relativity – The Special and General Theory, Robert W. Lawson (Translation), Roger Penrose (Introduction), Robert Geroch (Commentary), David C. Cassidy (Historical Essay), The Masterpiece Science Edition, Pi Press, New York, USA (2005).
• Stephen W. Hawking, The Theory of Everything – The Origin and Fate of the Universe, Special Anniversary Edition, Phoenix Books, CA, USA (2005).
•  Alan H. Guth, The Inflationary Universe – The Quest for a New Theory of Cosmic Origins, Helix Books, Addison-Wesley Longman, Inc., Reading, Massachusetts, USA (1997).
• John S. Townsend, Quantum Physics – A Fundamental Approach to Modern Physics, University Science Books, Sausalito, California, USA (2010).

ABOUT THE AUTHOR

Selvaganesan Ramaiah was born in Tirunelveli, Tamil Nadu, India to a farming family, grew up in a village, graduated with a Bachelor of Science degree in Mathematics at Madurai Kamarajar University, post-graduated with a Master of Science degree in Mathematics at Madras University, qualified for Associate Member of Institution of Electronics and Telecommunication Engineers at New Delhi and post-graduated with a Master of Business Administration degree at Madras University.

He, being a mathematician, had fascinations towards the fundamental concepts called, Zero and Infinity since his early college days. He had a strong intuition that the humankind can always dwell in a finite domain and that too in a discrete structure of time and space. This only paved his way for reviewing every physical phenomenon of this universe. Being a technocrat, his tendencies will always be to attribute to a single cause for the multiple effects that may unfold in an environment.

After around twenty years of search and research, he arrived at the conclusion that Gravity is the cause of everything, including the creation of this universe, leaving its origin and end, open-ended in an Absolute Empty Space, which accommodates both the limiting concepts, Zero and Infinity in both Space and Time dimensions, and that he saw culminating into the “Theory of Everything”.

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